Guozijian

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Историческа еволюция

Периоди Хан, Уей и Джин

Guozijian (10 снимки)

ThehighestinstitutioninthecountryduringtheHanDynastywascalled"TaiXue".Theestablishmentofthe"TaiXue"byEmperorWuoftheHanalsoinheritedthefunctionofthehighestinstitutionofimpartingConfucianclassics.

InthefirstyearofYong'an(258years),theEmperorSunXiuoftheEasternWuDynastyestablishedGuoxue,establishedadoctoralsystemofTaixue,andenacteddoctorsoftheFiveClassics,whichwastheoriginofJianyeTaixue.TheWesternJinDynastyEmperorWudiXianningestablishedGuozixueatthebeginningoffouryears(278).ThiswasthebeginningoftheestablishmentofGuozixueapartfromTaixueinthehistoryofancientChineseeducation.

"BookofJin·Volume24·OfficialRecords"records:"Xianningfouryears(278years),EmperorWuestablishedGuozixueatthebeginning,fixedtheGuoziJijiu,onedoctor,andfifteenassistantsPeopleteachstudents.Doctorsareallthosewhoperformpureandclearcode.Ifyouarefreetoridearegularattendant,aservantofthemiddlebook,oraprince'sconcubine,youmustcallforatest."Enrollment.However,thestudyofGuoziwasnotprosperousintheWesternJinDynasty,especiallyaftertheendoftheWesternJinDynasty.

AfterJinwuEmperorSimaYanunifiedthecountry,JianyeTaixuewassuspended.AfterthedeathofEmperorWuofJin,the"EightKingsRebellion"oftheCentralPlains,alargefamilyheadedbyWangDaoandXieAn,surroundedtheWesternJinimperialfamilyLangxieWangSimaRuiin307,andhurriedlycrossedsouthtoJianye(nowNanjing),knownas"Yongjia"inhistory.Nandu"establishedtheEasternJindynasty,whichwasontheleftsideoftheriver,andbuiltJiankangTaixueunderJilongMountain.

В края на Западната династия Джин (313 г.), тъй като името на император Джин Мин е Сима Йе, за да се избегне името му, окръгът Джание е преименуван на окръг Джианканг.

DuringtheLiuSongDynasty,inthefifteenthyearofYuanjia(438),EmperorWencalledLeiCizongtothecapital(nowNanjing)andopenedtheSchoolofGuoziinJilongMountain,andgatheredhundredsofprofessors.

AttheendoftheLiuSongDynasty,ZuChongzhireturnedtoJiankangandservedastheofficialancestorofYeZheShushe.ZuChongzhispentalotofenergytostudymachinerymanufacturing,rebuildguidecars,andinventedthousandsofmilesofboats,watermills,etc.,whichwastheearliestbeginningofthemechanicalengineeringprofessionintheSouthernDynastiesofmycountry.

ZuChongzhicalculatedthetruevalueofPitobebetween3.1415926and3.1415927,whichisequivalenttoaccuratetothe7thdecimalplace,simplifiedto3.1415926,whichbecamethemostadvancedachievementintheworldatthattime.

NorthernQichangedGuozixuetocallit"GuoziTemple".AfterSuiPingchen,heimplementedapolicyofrestrainingthelocalforcesinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,destroyingthepalacesoftheSixDynasties,blazingfiresandburningthousandsofmiles,JiankangCitywascompletelydestroyed,andJiankangTaixuewasinterrupted.

По време на династиите Суи и Танг

IntheearlyyearsofEmperorKaihuangintheSuiDynasty,itwasdecidedthatGuoziTemplehadjurisdictionoverGuozixue,Taixue,FourSchools,CalligraphyandMathematicalStudies.InthethirteenthyearofEmperorKaihuang(593),GuoziTemplewasnolongeraffiliatedwithTaichangandbecameanindependenteducationalmanagementinstitution,renamedGuozixue.

InthethirdyearofDaye(607),itwasrenamedGuozijian.Therewasonepersonintheprisonwhowasdedicatedtothemanagementofeducation.Therewereonemasterbookandonerecorderunderthesupervisionofthegovernment,suchasGuozixueandTaixue.,FourSchools,Calligraphy,andMathematicalStudies.Therearequotasfordoctors,teachingassistants,andstudentsinallofficialschools.Accordingtothe"SuiShu·HaiguanZhixia"record:Doctor:"Guozi,Taixue,andfourdisciplineseachhavefivepeople,andShushu,andmathematicseachhavetwopeople,"AssistantProfessor: „Guozi, Taixue и четири дисциплини имат по петима души, „Регистриране и броене на двама души всеки,“ ученик: „Сто и за тип хора в страната...“. Guozixue и Taixue съществуват рамо до рамо.

TheTangDynastyinheritedthesystemoftheSuiDynasty.InthefirstyearofWude(618),theGuoziSchoolwasestablishedintheTangDynasty.Theschoolhas300students,allstudentsarechildrenofnobles,and24teachers.InthefirstyearofZhenguan(627)TangrenamedGuoziSchoolasGuozijian,andatthesametimebecameanindependenteducationaladministrativeinstitution.Intheprison,thereisonepersonwhosacrificeswine,whoisthehighesteducationchief.ThereisoneCheng,onemasterbook,andonepersonresponsibleforstudents'academicperformanceandschoolstatusandotherspecificmatters.IntheTangDynasty,ZengJiyichangedthenameofGuozijian,andwasrenamedSichengguanandChengjunjian.ThenamewasrestoredinthefirstyearofShenlong(705).Accordingtothe"BookofOldTang·TheBookofEmperorGaozong":"AllsixstudiesareundertheImperialCollege."Theso-calledsixstudiesareGuozixue,Taixue,Simenxue,law,calligraphyandarithmetic.

По време на династиите Сон и Юан

AftertheTangDynasty,ChinaenteredtheperiodoftheGreatSplitofFiveDynastiesandTenKingdoms.Duringthisperiod,Jiangzhou(nowNanjing)onceagainbecamethecapitaloftheSouthernTangDynasty.In902,YangXingmiwasnamedtheKingofWu,andYangzhouwasthecapitalofthecountry,andhewascalled"YangWu"inhistory.Later,thepowerministerXuWenmanipulatedWu'smilitaryandpoliticalpower.In909,XuWenconcurrentlyservedasthegovernorofaforeignstate,andhisadoptedsonXuZhigaowasinchargeofmilitaryandpoliticalaffairs.

In937,XuZhigaoproclaimedEmperorWuinthereignofWuandmadeJinlingthecapital.JinlingwasrenamedasJiangningMansion,thecountrywasnamedTang,anditwascalled"SouthernTang"inhistory.In939,XuZhigaoclaimedthathewasthedescendantofEmperorYongwang,thesixthsonofEmperorMingofTangDynasty.ThepalacecityoftheSouthernTangDynastywaslocatedinthecenterofJinlingCity,roughlylocatedalongtheHongwuRoadinpresent-dayNanjing.

TheSongDynastyfollowedtheTangDynastysystem,dividedintoXijingGuozijian(nowLuoyangCity,HenanProvince),TokyoGuozijian(nowKaifengCity,HenanProvince),andaddedmartialarts.TheGuozijianintheSongDynastyalsochangeditsnamefrequently,sometimescalledGuozijianorGuozixue,anditsfunctionsweredualistic.Onewastoserveasthehighestadministrativeinstitutionforgovernmenteducation,andtheotherwasthehighestinstitutionforstudentstostudy.

Forexample,ChengYi,awell-knownscholarintheNorthernSongDynasty,onceservedastheimprisonmentfortheImperialAcademyinXijing,andHuYuanoncesentencedtheImperialimprisonmentforTokyointhenameofspeakingout.InthesecondyearofEmperorTaizongofSongDynasty(989),GuozijianwaschangedtoGuozijian,andinChunhuafiveyears(994),GuozixuewaschangedtoGuozijian,andthenamechangedrepeatedly.

Recruitthechildrenofofficialsabovegrade7toenroll,andtheyarecallednationalstudentsorsupervisedstudents.AtthebeginningoftheSongDynasty,therewasnoquota,butlateritwaslimitedto200people.However,theactualnumberisverysmall,soitcanbeaddedtotheclasstofillupthevacancyoraudit.

Guozixuesetupasupervisingschooltosupervisetheschool,whichwillteachthebusinessandmoralitybydirectlectures.

NanjingGuozijianintheNorthernSongDynasty-YingtianfuAcademy(2photos)

InthethirdyearofQinglioftheNorthernSongDynasty(1043),FanZhongyanparticipatedinthepolitical"NewQingliNewDeal",andYingtianfuAcademywaspromotedItwastheImperialCollegeinNanjing(nowShangqiu),andtheImperialCollegeinTokyo(nowKaifeng)andXijing(nowLuoyang)wererankedasthehighestinstitutionintheNorthernSongDynasty.FanZhongyanputforwardtenreformproposalssuchas"refiningtributesandselectingofficials".Reformingtheeducationsystematthattime,Yingtianfu(nowShangqiuCity,HenanProvince)implementedreformsfirst,andchangedthesuperficialstyleofstudythatadvocatedCifuatthattime,emphasizingtheclassicsandtherighteousnessandcurrentaffairs.,Focusonreality.

ThecentralgovernmentschoolsintheLiaoDynastyalsohadShangjingGuoziStudies,ZhongjingGuoziStudies,TokyoGuoziStudies,XijingGuoziStudiesandNanjingGuoziStudies.ExceptforNanjingGuozixue,thereisnocleartexttotest.

GuoziXueintheJinDynastywasfoundedinthethirdyearofHailingKingTiande(1151).ItstipulatedahundredstudentsofCifuandJingyi,andonlythebrothersordescendantsofofficialsfromtheclan,relatives,andofficialsofthethirdrankandabovewereenrolled.

Inaddition,inthethirteenthyearofKingSejong'sDading(1173),theJurchenGuoziSchoolwasestablished,andonlyoutstandingJinrenstudentswereallowedtoenter.

IntheYuanDynasty,GuoziwasestablishedtosuperviseGuozixue.MongoliaGuozisupervisedandadministersMongoliaGuozixue.MongoliaGuozixuewasfoundedintheeighthyearofYuanShizutoYuanDynasty(1272).TheadmissionqualificationsarelimitedtoMongolianandHanpeople.ThelearningcontentismainlybasedontheMongoliantranslationof"Tongjian""JieYao",andconcurrentlystudyarithmetic,learntopassanexam,andassigntalentstoofficials.HuihuiguozisupervisesHuihuiguozixue,andHuihuiguozixuewasfoundedinthetwenty-sixthyearofYuanShizutoYuanDynasty(1290).

Thequalificationsforadmissionarelimitedtothepublicofficialsandthechildrenofthewealthypeople.Thecontentofthestudyismainly"ThinkingfortheOther"literature,andthepurposeistocultivatetalentsfortranslatinghistoryofgovernmentofficials.IntheYuanDynasty,therewasalsoastudyofChineseandGuozi.Thecoursestaughtinclude"TheClassicofFilialPiety","ElementarySchool","TheAnalects","Mencius","TheUniversity","TheDoctrineoftheMean",aswellas"Poetry","Book","BookofRites ","ZhouLi","ChunQiu"","Лесно"и скоро.

По време на династиите Мин и Цин

InthetenthyearofYuanDade(1306),BeijingGuozijianwasfoundedandoriginallycalledBeipingCountySchool.Asof2017,ithasahistoryof711years.ThehighesteducationalinstitutionandeducationaladministrationinstitutioninthecountryduringtheYuan,MingandQingdynasties.

TheMingDynastyGuozijianwasfoundedwhentheMingTaizufirstappointedJinling,thatis,theTianfuSchoolwaschangedtoGuozixue.LaterTaizuestablishedthecapitalofNanjing,rebuilttheschoolbuildingunderJimingMountain,andchangedtheschooltoprison,soitwascalledGuozijian.IntheeighthyearofHongwu,ZhongduGuozijianwasestablishedseparatelyinFengyang.

Inthetwenty-sixthyearofHongwu(1393),FengyangZhongduGuozijianwasabolished,anditsteachersandstudentsweremergedintoNanjingGuozijian.Atthistime,thenumberofstudentsinNanjingGuozijianhasincreasedtomorethan8,000.InthesecondyearofYongle(1404),BeipingCountySchoolwasrenamedtheImperialCollege.

IntheeighteenthyearofYongle(1420),thecapitalwasmovedtoBeijingintheMingDynasty,andtheBeijingGuozijianwaschangedtoJingshiGuozijian.Therefore,theGuoxueintheMingDynastywasdividedintothenorthandthesouth(alsoknownasthenorthandthesouth).Inthe20thyearofYongle(1422),thereweremorethan9900peopleinNanjingGuozijian,anunprecedentedgrandoccasion.

Atthattime,neighboringcountriessuchasKorea,Japan,Ryukyu,Siamandothercountries"tothecountryforcultureandeducation"continuedtosendoverseasstudentstoNanjingGuozijiantostudy.Butthiskindofgrandoccasionlastedforawhile,andafterZhengde,itgraduallydeclined.

IntheseventhyearofShunzhi(1650),NanjingGuozijianwaschangedtoQingjiangNingfuSchool.DuetotheoldsystemoftheMingDynasty,theancestorsoftheQingDynastyfirstrepairedtheImperialPalaceinBeijing.Accordingtothe"DraftsofQingHistory·ElectionRecords":"TheancestorappointedtheDingYanjing,andrepairedtheMingBeijianastheTaixue.

През първата година на Shunzhi той принася жертви на вино, директори и ръководители, лекари, асистенти и учени. Длъжностни лица като Zheng, Xuelu, Dianbu и т.н. Подредете шест зали като място за лекции, казвайки: откровеност, самоусъвършенстване, искреност, справедливост, лоялност и широка индустрия. Едната все още е стара."

DuringtheQianlongperiod,GuozijianJijiuimitatedtheteachingmethodofHuYuansuLake,afamousConfucianinSongDynasty,dividedintotwoteachingsofclassics,justiceandgovernance,"strictlysetupcourses,rewardandlure",insistedonthepracticalapplicationofthecountry.Thereisaglorioussceneof"agreatnumberofmastersandapprentices,allworkinghard,researchingandpursuingpracticalstudies".However,theincreasingcorruptioninthelateQingDynastymadetheschoolavassaloftheimperialexamination.

In1902,NanjingQingjiangNingfuSchoolestablishedSanjiangNormalSchool(thepredecessorofSoutheastUniversity)onthebasisofSipailouJiangningSchool.

OnDecember6,1905(31styearofGuangxu),theschoolsystemwasreformedinthelateQingDynasty,theschoolwassetup,theImperialCollegewasabolished,anditseducationaladministrationfunctionwasincorporatedintotheEntranceDepartment,andthehistoricalmissionoftheImperialCollegecametoanend.

In1956,BeijingGuozijianwasbuiltastheCapitalLibrary.

In1998,PiyongopenedtheBeijingGuozijiantotheoutsideworld.

През 2005 г. CapitalLibrary се изнесе.

In2006,BeijingGuozijianandConfuciusTempleestablishedtheBeijingConfuciusTempleandGuozijianManagementOffice.Itisahistoricalandculturaltouristattraction.

OnApril22,2021,theChineseCultureLectureHallGuozijianCommunicationCenterwasinauguratedinYilunHallhere,whichmarkedtheofficial"settlement"oftheChineseCultureLectureHall,whichhasahistoryofmorethan700years.

Основни функции

GuozijianStatueofConfucius(15photos)

GuozixueorGuozijian,aneducationalmanagementinstitutioninthefeudalsocietyofancientChinaAndthehighestinstitution,ithastwofunctions,oneisthefunctionofthenationalmanagementagency,andtheotheristhefunctionofthecountry'shighestinstitution.

TheestablishmentofGuozixue,comparedwith"TaiXue",inadditiontobeingthecountry'shighestinstitutionforteachingclassics,italsoassumesmoreofthefunctionofnationaleducationmanagement;butatthesametime,GuozijianandTaixuecanalsobereferredtoaseachother.,TaixueisoftenusedtorefertotheImperialCollege.

Aftertheemergenceof"Guozijian",thedifferentmeaningsof"learning"and"supervision"illustratethedifferentdivisionoflaborbetweenthetwofunctions."Learning"impartsknowledgeandpointstoeducationandthehighestinstitutionsFunction;"Supervision"referstothefunctionofsupervisionandsupervision,pointingtothenationaleducationmanagement.

MingGuozijians изучава "Четирите книги" и "Петте класики" и едновременно с това изучава "Енциклопедия на сексуалните принципи", закони и наредби, номера на книги и т.н. В допълнение, задълженията и отношението на Guozijian към преподавателите и персонала, както и управлението и отношението към ръководителите и студентите и т.н., всички имат много ясни разпоредби.

Позицияsetting

Позиция

Един човек да пожертва вино, от четвъртия ранг; за двама души, от четвъртия ранг. Отговарят за администрацията на конфуцианството, седемте училища на ZongGuozi, Taixue, Guangwen, FourSchools, Law, Book и Suanfan.

ChengYi,fromthesixthgrade,isinchargeofthesupervisors.Everyyear,sevenstudentswillbesuccessfulintheircareers,andtheywillparticipateinthetestwiththedivisionandthewinesacrifices.

Onepersoninthemainbook,fromtheseventhproduct.Palmseal,sentencetosupervisesupervisors.

Guozixue

Fivedoctors,thefifthgradeishigh.Thosewholivefromthethirdgradeorabove,thegrandchildrenofthecountry,andthegreat-grandsonabovethesecondgrade.

Петима асистенти-учители, от шести клас. Д-р ZhangZuo е разделен на професори.

Speakingstraighttofourpeople,withDr.ZhangZuoandassistantteachersteachingclassics.

Всеки двама лекари на петте класики, в пети клас. Дланта учи страната с изучаването на класика." ZhouYi", "ShangShu", "MaoShi", "ZuoShiChunQiu", "BookofRites" са петте класики, "The AnalectsofConfucius", "BookofFilialPiety", "ErYa" donoddtablishacademics.atthemifficial

TaiXue

SixPh.Ds,onthesixthgrade,andsixteachingassistants,ontheseventhgrade.Thosewholivefromthefifthgradeorabove,thegrandchildrenoftheprefecturesandcounties,andthegreat-grandsonofthethirdgrade,aredividedintofivepartsastheirprofession,andtherearehundredsofpeopleineach.Thereareseventystudents,fourofDianxue,sixofZhanggu,andfifteenofDongdustudents.

Музей Гуангвен

Fourdoctorsandtwoteachingassistants.AscholarwhoisinchargeofthestudentindustryofGuozi.Therearesixtystudentsandtenintheeasterncapital.Tianbaonineyearsago,theМузей Гуангвенwassetup,andtherewasZhijinshiassistantteacher,andthenthenameofZhijinshiwasdismissed.

FourGateHall

Шест докторанти в 7 клас; 6 асистента в 8 клас; 4 души направо. Тези, които преподават в седми клас или по-горе, синът на Houbeziisaman и синът на наложницата са виртуозни.

Закони

Threedoctors,fromtheeighthgrade;oneteachingassistant,fromtheninthgrade.Thosewhoteachtheeighthgradeorlessandwhoarethesonsofprostitutes.ThelawisZhuanYe,andhealsolearnsthestylelawsandregulations.IntheSuiDynasty,LvxuewasattachedtoDaliTemple,witheightdoctors.AtthebeginningofWuDe,undertheImperialCollegeoftheState,itwasabandoned;Zhenguanwasrestoredinsixyears,andthenabandonedinthethirdyearofXianqing,DaliTemplewithadoctoraldegreeorbelow;Longshuowasrestoredintwoyears.Thereare20studentsandtwoDianxue.AtthebeginningofYuanhe,Dongduhadfivestudents.

науки

Twodoctors,underthegradenine;oneteachingassistant.Thosewhoteachtheeighthgradeorlessandwhoarethesonsofprostitutes.ShiJing,"SuoWen"and"ZiLin"belongtoZhuanye,andalsostudyYuShu.AtthebeginningofWuDe,thestudyofabolishedbookswasrebuiltinthesecondyearofZhenguan,anditwasabolishedinthethirdyearofXianqing,underthepostofthesecretaryoftheprovincewithadoctoraldegreeorbelow,andthesecondyearofLongshuo.Therearetenstudents,twofromDianxue,andthreefromDongdu.

Математика

Twodoctors,underthe9thgrade;oneassistant,teachesthosewhoareunderthe8thgradeandthesonofaprostitute.

Свързани знания

„Затворът“ на Guozijian не се чете и чете

The"prison"isusedforsupervision,surveillanceandprisoninterpretation.Pingshengjiān(also),whenusedasofficialnameandofficialsignature,readjiàn(recommended).HanSimaqian's"HistoricalRecords·FiveEmperorsBenji":"(YellowEmperor)placedtheleftandrightprisonsandsupervisedthenations.Allnationsareinharmony."Thetextisarrangedvertically."ShangJian"meanstheword"supervised"infront,and"XiaJian "означава думата"наблюдавано"отзад. И левият, и десният надзорници са официални имена.

ZhangShoujiemeansthatthe"supervisor"oftheofficialnameisreadout,andthe"supervisor"ofsupervisionisreadflat.FromtheWei,JintotheSuiandTangdynasties,theprovincialgovernor’sofficewasthecentralsupervisor,andaftertheendoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,thesecretaryoftheprovincialgovernor’ssecretarysupervisedthesecretarialsupervisor.

The"supervisor"isalsotheofficialsignature,suchasZhongshuSupervisor,QintianSupervisor,andShepherdHorseSupervisor.Guozijianisnotonlyanofficialoffice,butalsohasthenatureofGuozixue.

Inourcountry,GuozixueandGuozijianhavealonghistory.InthesecondyearofEmperorWudioftheWesternJinDynastyinXianning(276AD),Guozixuewasestablished,anditstoodsidebysidewithTaixue.DuringtheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,eitherGuozixue,Taixue,orbothwereestablished.

NorthernQichangedGuozixuetoGuoziTemple.ThisisthesignofGuozixue'stransformationfromahighereducationinstitutiontoaneducationalmanagementagency.EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastyusedGuoziTempletogovernGuozi,Taixue,andFourSchools,whichemphasizedtheeducationandmanagementfunctionofGuoziTemple.EmperorYangofSuichangedGuoziTempletoGuozijian.

TheTangandSongDynastiesalsogovernedGuozixue,TaixueandFourSchoolsunderthejurisdictionofGuozijian.GuozijianwasestablishedintheMingandQingdynasties,whichwasaneducationalmanagementagencywiththenatureofGuozixue.

Inthe31styearofGuangxuintheQingDynasty(1905AD),aschoolwasestablished,andtheImperialCollegeretiredfromthestageofhistory.

WhoareGuozi?"ZhouLi·Diguan·Shishi":"Teachthecountrywiththethreevirtues.Oneisthemostvirtue,whichisthefoundationofTao.ThesecondisMinde,whichisthepracticeversion.Thethirdisfilialpiety,toknowtheevil."EasternHanConfucianismJiaZhengXuan'snote:"Thesonofthecountry,thesonofthedoctoroftheGongqing.""HanShu·LiYueZhi":"Thesonofthecountry,thesonofthedoctoroftheQingalso."QingLiuShunian" Остатъчен ръкопис на писанията на LiuGuiyang·GuoZi'stestimony error":"Синът на страната,синът на принца,принцът и принцовете и официални лица,всички."Може да се види, чесинът на страната се отнася за децата на благородниците.

Като официални подписи, "ръководителите" на MuMaJian, QinTianJian и ZhongShuJianallreadjiàn (препоръчани). Като древна централна агенция за управление на образованието и институция за висше образование, Guozijian също беше препоръчан от "ръководителя".

Inhistory,therewereonlymaleandfemaleprisons,andtherewerenoprisonsdedicatedtoimprisoningthechildrenofnobles.Inaddition,inancienttimes,officialswerecalled"supervisors",low-levelofficialsofthegovernmentofficewerecalledsupervisors,studentsandunderemployedoftheGuozijianSupervisorwerecalledsupervisors,thenumberoneintheexaminationofGuozijianwascalledJianyuan,andthebooksengravedbyGuozijianwerecalledSupervisors.,SaidtherulesandregulationsofGuozijianSupervisoryRegulations,andtheofficialofficethatsupervisedthesaltindustryintheTangDynastywascalledSupervisoryYuan.These"monitors"shouldallberead.

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