История
Етимология
Китайски
Itwasfirstseenin"Mencius·Zhenxinshang":"Thegentlemanhasthreejoys,butthekingdoesnotexistintheworldYan.Parentsexist,brothershavenoreason,onehappy;tolookuptothesky,tobowtoothers,twohappy;tobeeducatedbytheworld'stalents,threehappy."XuShenin"ShuWenJieZi"Explain,"Teach,dowhatyoudo,anddowhatyoudoatthebottom.""Education"hasbecomeacommontermattheendofthe19thcenturyandthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Attheendofthe19thcentury,thepioneersofthe1911Revolution,HeZiyuanandQiuFengjia,thefoundersofmoderneducationinКитай,pioneeredthetrend,eliminatedtheinterferenceofthestubbornandconservativeforces,andsuccessfullyestablishedandpromotedthenewschool.Subsequently,underthepressureofthesituation,theQinggovernmentcarriedoutaseriesofreformsineducation.Attheendof1905,thenewschoolsystemwaspromulgated,theimperialexaminationsystemwasabolished,andnewschoolswerepromotednationwide.Afterthelocalimperialexaminationsceasedin1909,западенlearninggraduallybecamethemainformofschooleducation.
Thepopularityoftheword"education"inmodernКитайскиisconnectedwiththemodernizationofКитайскиeducation,reflectingthemoderntransformationofКитайскиeducationdiscoursefrom"learning-oriented"to"teaching-oriented".
западен
IntheWest,thewordeducationisderivedfromtheLatinwordeducate.Theprefix"e"hasthemeaningof"out",whichmeans"out"or"out",meaningThroughcertainmeans,somethingthatisoriginallylatentinthebodyandmindistriggered.Etymologicallyspeaking,theword"education"intheWestmeansinternally.Itisemphasizedthateducationisanactivitythatgoeswiththeflowofnature,aimingtoelicittheinherentorlatentqualitiesofnaturalpersonsfromtheinsideouttobecomearealisticstateofdevelopment.
Теорията за произхода
Thetheoryoftheoriginofmythologyistheoldestviewoneducation.
Thetheoryofbiologicaloriginisthefirstformallyproposedtheoryontheoriginofeducationinthehistoryofeducation.
Thetheoryofpsychologicaloriginreferstothateducationoriginatedfromchildren'sunconsciousimitationofadultsindailylife.
Thetheoryoftheoriginoflaborisalsocalledthetheoryofthesocialoriginofeducation,whichmeansthateducationoriginatesfromlaborortheneedsgeneratedinthelaborprocess.
Логическа отправна точка
Thelogicalstartingpointofeducationisnaturallytheemergenceofhumansociety.Thetransitionfromapestohumansisduetoproductivelabor.Apesgraduallyformamainmechanismcenteredonthebrainandhandsduringlabor.Thebraincanthinkandthehandscanoperate,whichmakespeopledifferentfromordinaryanimalsandbecome"advancedanimals".Onlywiththesubjectmechanismcanitbepossibletobecomeasubjectpersonwithpracticalcognitiveability,andhumanbeingscanpromotethemselvestobethesubjectofcognitionandtransformationoftheobjectiveworld,therebyturningtheobjectiveworldintoanobjectofhumantransformationandcognition.Tounderstandandtransformtheobjectiveworld,itisnecessarytohavetheabilityofthesubject.Humansocietyisaformofself-existencecreatedbyhumanbeingsinsocialpractice.
Древно социално възпитание
Theemergenceofancientsocialeducationisdirectlyrelatedtothenaturalecologicalenvironmentwherepeoplelive.Itoriginateddirectlyfromthemostclosewayofearningalivingoftheancientancestors,soitscontentinvolvesallareasofsociallife."ZiziJunzhi"hasarecordoftheactualsociallifeoftheprimitiveclan:intheageofSuiren,theworldwasrichinwater,sopeopleweretaughttofish;intheageofMiXi,thereweremanybeastsintheworld,sohuntingwastaught.Combiningthelegendaryancienteducationwiththedisseminationandapplicationoflivelihoodtechnologywillhelpexplainthecharacteristicsofancienteducation.Atthesametime,theancienteducationinthelegendalsoreflectsthemaincharacteristicsoftheregionalclancultureatthattime,aswellasthemainformofknowledgeandculturecommunicationbetweentheclansandwithintheclans.
развитие
Европа
IntheWest,theoriginofeducationisgreatlyinfluencedbyreligiousorganizations:priestsrecognizetheimportanceofeducationSex,establishaschoolsystem.InЕвропа,manyofthefirstuniversitieshaveaCatholicbackground.AftertheReformationinScotland,anewNationalChurchofScotlandwasestablished.
Китай
КитайскиeducationbeganwithКитайскиclassicalworks,notreligiousorganizations.Intheearlydays,Китайappointededucatedofficialstomanagetheempire.TheimperialexaminationsystemusedtoselectofficialswasestablishedintheSuiDynasty,andEmperorTaizongoftheTangDynastyperfectedtheimperialexaminationsystem.
Attheendofthe19thcentury,pioneerssuchasHeZiyuanandQiuFengjiasucceededinestablishingnewschoolssuchasYunandongElementarySchool,TongrenSchool,XingminMiddleSchool,andShimaElementarySchools.Nationalconstructionhascultivatedalargenumberofvaluabletalents.Subsequently,Китай'smoderneducationsystemhasbeencontinuouslyimprovedandstrengthened.
Inthe1990s,Китай'seducationsystemhasundergonemajorchanges,andprivatecapitalhasre-enteredtheeducationfield.
Япония
TheoriginofЯпонияeseeducationiscloselyrelatedtoreligion.TheschoolisatempleforyoungpeoplewhowanttostudyBuddhismandbecomemonks.Later,childrenwhowanttolearnwillgoto"Tera-koya"(meaningtemplehut)tolearnhowtoreadandwriteЯпонияese.
Индия
Индияhasalonghistoryofinstitutionalizededucation.Accordingtoresearch,ИндияhadaperfecteducationsystembeforetheriseofBuddhism.Themodernizationofitseducationcanbedividedintotwomajordevelopmentstages:thecolonialperiodandthepost-independenceperiod.ThecolonialperiodwastheinitiationstageofthemodernizationofeducationinИндия,including:thetransitionperiodfromtraditionaleducationtomoderneducation(1498~early19thcentury);theformationperiodofcolonialИндияneducationsystem,namelythewesternizationperiodofИндияneducation(early19thcentury~20thcentury)Thebeginning),theriseanddevelopmentofnationaleducation(thebeginningofthe20thcentury-independencein1947)threeperiods.Afterindependencein1947,Индияneducationentereditsstageofall-rounddevelopment.
Световни образователни тенденции през 21-ви век
Inthepastfewdecades,thepercentageoftheilliteratepopulationwithoutanyschooleducationhasdeclined.From36%in1960to25%in2000.
Indevelopingcountries,thepercentageofilliteracyin2000wasonlyhalfofthatin1970.Indevelopedcountries,illiteracyhasalsodroppedfrom6%to1%,andthosewithoutschooleducationhavedroppedfrom5%to2%.
OnDecember3,2018,the44thplenarymeetingofthe73rdUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblywasheldattheUnitedNationsHeadquartersinNewYork.ThemeetingpassedaresolutiontodesignateJanuary24everyyearasInternationalEducationDay.
Определение
"Education"isaprocessinwhichknowledgeisusedasatooltoteachotherstothinkabouthowtousetheirowntocreatehighersocialwealthandrealizeself-worth.
Intheeducationcircle,therearevariousdefinitionsof"education".Generallyspeaking,peopledefine"education"fromtwodifferentperspectives,onefromthesocialperspectiveandtheotherfromtheindividualperspective.TheformerSovietUnionandmycountrygenerallydefine"education"fromasocialperspective,whileeducatorsintheUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStatesgenerallydefine"education"fromanindividualperspective.Todefine"education"fromasocialperspective,thedefinitionof"education"canbedividedintodifferentlevels:
(1)Broadlyspeaking,allactivitiesthatenhancepeople'sknowledgeandskillsandaffectpeople'sideologicalandmoralcharacterIt'salleducation."Education"isregardedasasubsystemintheentiresocialsystem,whichdistributesandundertakescertainsocialfunctions.
Themostessentialunderstandingofeducationistheinculcationofknowledgeandbehavioralguidanceofpeople'sthoughtsbysociety;first,theobjectofeducationispeople;second,thecontentmustbebenignandmeaningful.Soastoenablethepeopletotransformsociety.
(2)Narrowsense:referstothesublimationoftheindividual'sspirit.Thisdefinitionemphasizestheinfluenceofsocialfactorsonindividualdevelopment.Defining"education"fromanindividual'spointofviewoftenequates"education"withanindividual'slearningordevelopmentprocess.
(3)Inamorenarrowsense,itmainlyreferstoschooleducation.Itmeansthateducatorshaveapurposeful,plannedandorganizedinfluenceonthebodyandmindoftheeducatedaccordingtotherequirementsofacertainsocietyorclass,andtrainthemtobecomeTheactivitiesofpeopleneededbyacertainsocietyorclass.Thismainlyreferstotheexam-orientededucationonКитайскиcampuses.
Educationisapracticalactivitythatpromotesthesocializationofindividualsandtheindividualizationofthesocietythatoccursunderacertainsocialbackground.
Ifitisdefinedaroundthebasicelementsofeducationalactivities,educationcanbedefinedaseducationreferstopeopleconsciouslytransmittinginformationtoothersthroughanumberofmethods,media,etc.,inthehopeofaffectingtheirspiritualworldorpsychology.Status,socialactivitiesthathelporhinderothersfromacquiringcertainconcepts,qualities,andabilities.Thoseintheformerrolearecallededucators,andthoseinthelatterrolearecallededucationalobjects.Thisdefinitionconformstoallhumaneducationalactivitiesandcanbeusedasthebasicdefinitionofeducation.
ContemporarypoetandculturalscholarZhangXiulinexplainedinthearticle"TalkingaboutEducation"asfollows:
Theso-callededucationshouldbetheteachinganddisseminationofsocialculture.Asforsocialculture,includingliberalartsandsciences,itshouldcontainthreelevelsofcontent.Thefirstlevelreferstohigh-levelculture,whichisabstractandinvisible,suchassocialpsychology,aesthetics,andvalue;thesecondlevelreferstotheconcretefromthefirstlevel,althoughthereisnoconcreteexistence,butitcanactuallyfeelAsfarasitsstructureandmodeofactivityexist,suchaspoliticalpoweranditsinstitutions;thethirdlevelreferstothesurfaceculture,thatis,thecultureofobjectsormaterialsthatisvisibleandtangible.Simplyput,itisspiritualculture,spiritualmaterializedculture,andmaterialculture.Thepurposeofeducationistoeducatepeople.Infact,itistoletpeopleacceptallkindsofusefulknowledge,inordertoabsorbanddissolvethisknowledge,sothatitcandirectlyaffectthesociety,orusethisknowledgeasthebasistosublimatenewknowledge.Namelydiscoveryandinvention.Theformerislikeaphysicalchange,andtherecipientislikeacontainerforthings,andthekindsofthingsthattheyreceivearestillthesamekindsofthings,buttheyhavechangedplaces,andthereissomeconfusion.Thisisprobablywhatweoftencallpracticaltalents——Skilledortechnicaltalents;thelatterissimilartochemicalreactionsandhasproduceddifferentandotherthings.Suchtalentscanmasterthefirst-levelculturewellandcaneasilyformtheirownuniqueacademicthoughts,concepts,andmethods.Thisisthecreativetalent.Theculturalinfluenceofacountryandnationintheworldismainlytheinfluenceofthefirst-levelcultureandcreativetalents.Thehighlydevelopedhumannervoussystemisthematerialbasisandprerequisitefortheproductionanddevelopmentofeducation.Itprovidescompletethinkingfunctionssuchasfeeling,memory,association,imagination,reasoning,etc.,sothatpeople'sconsciousnesscaninfluenceeachotherandspread.
Различни възгледи
Scholarsfromdifferentcountrieshavedifferentviewsonthedefinitionofeducation.
Аристотел от древна Гърция е казал: "Образованието следва природата."
PlatoofancientGreecesaid:"Educationistorestrainandguideyoungpeopleandcultivatetheirproperreason."
American Deweysaid: "Образованието е живот."
Британският Спенсър каза: "Образованието подготвя живота за бъдещето."
КитайLiZhuangbelievesthat:"Educationistoforceorguidetheeducatedtoacceptspecificknowledge,rules,information,skills,skills,etc."
Confuciusattachesgreatimportancetoeducation.Heregardseducation,population,andwealthasthefoundationofthecountry.Thethreemajorelements.Hebelievesthatordinarypeopleshouldbeeducated,andtheseideasareabigstepforwardfromtheeraofslavery.Confuciusacknowledgedthatknowledgeandmoralityarecultivatedthroughlearning,andeducationisanimportantcauseofindividualdifferencesbetweenpeople.Therefore,hesaid:"Sexissimilar,andXiisfarfromeachother."Theideaof"similarsex"originated.
Г-н TaoXingzhi: „Lifeiseducation“. Той само изследва теоретично, но се стреми да спре да практикува гражданско образование с духа на „да бъдеш готов да бъдеш добър“.
Mr.NieShengzhe:Excellencecomesfromteaching,andfamilyeducationisespeciallyimportant.Infact,familyeducationisthefoundationofwhetherapersoncangainafootholdinsocietyinthefuture.Intermsofthetotalamountofeducationinlife,theimportanceoffamilyeducationaccountsfor80%oftheproportion.Семейно образованиеisnotthatcomplicated.Itislaboreducation.Twothings,doinghouseworkandlearningtoendurehardship,startwithsupporteducation.
ZengZi: „Пътят на университета се крие в Ming Mingde, в това да бъдеш близо до хората и да завършиш в съвършенство.“
LuXun: "Образованието за изграждане на хора." Образованието на децата е основно разбиране, напътствие и освобождаване.
CaiYuanpei:"Educationisabouthelpingtheeducatedpersontodevelophisownabilities,completehispersonality,andfulfillhisresponsibilitiesinhumanculture.Itisnotaboutcreatingakindofeducatedperson.Specialequipment."
TaoXingzhi:Educationisa"lifeeducation"basedonlifeandforthesakeoflife,trainingpeoplewiththeabilitytoact,thinkandbecreative.
HuangQuanyu: Образование "Важното нещо не е да заредите колата, а да напълните резервоара за гориво."
ZhongQiquan: Образованието е основата на „развитието на учениците“ и „израстването на личността“.
QinWenjun:"Educationshouldbeadoor.Openitanditisfullofsunshineandflowers.Itcanbringconfidenceandhappinesstochildren."
TaoXingzhi: „Lifeiseducation“, „Societyischool“, „Teachinganddoingtogether“.
Подзначение
Образованието може да се раздели на широк и тесен смисъл.
Educationinabroadsensereferstoallsocialpracticeactivitiesthatpurposefullyaffectthephysicalandmentaldevelopmentofpeople.
Educationinthenarrowsensereferstotheeducationofspecializedorganizations,thatis,schooleducation.Itincludesnotonlyfull-timeschooleducation,butalsohalf-time,amateurschooleducation,correspondenceeducation,publicationeducation,andbroadcastingschool.AndTVschooleducation.
Accordingtocertainsocialrealityandfutureneeds,itfollowsthelawsoftheyounggeneration’sphysicalandmentaldevelopment,purposefully,planned,organized,andsystematicallyguidestheeducatedtoacquireknowledgeandskills,cultivatesideologicalandmoralcharacter,Anactivitythatdevelopsintelligenceandphysicalstrengthinordertotraintheeducatedtoadapttotheneedsofacertainsociety(oracertainclass)andpromotesocialdevelopment.
Същност
Многократно изследване на същността на образованието
(1)Подзначение:Theso-calledessenceofeducationreferstoeducationasakindofsocietyThefundamentalfeaturethatdistinguishesactivitiesfromothersocialactivitiesisthequestionof"whatiseducation?"Itreflectstheinherentregulationofeducationalactivities,thatis,itsfundamentalcharacteristics.
(2) Четири гледни точки за същността на образованието: теория за надстройката; теория за производителността; теория за специалните категории; теория за множеството атрибути.
(3) Петата гледна точка за същността на образованието: "теория за заместването на съзнанието":
TangZhenbelievesthattheessenceofculturaleducationmaybesummarizedas:usingwhatwehavealreadymasteredTheknowledgeaboutourobjectsandtheirrelationshipswillteachnewindividualshowtodealwithobjects.Itusesonekindofconsciousnesstochangeanotherkindofconsciousness,withthepurposeofcollision,running-in,penetrationandtransformationbetweenconsciousness,isakindofconsciousnesscoveringandeveneliminatinganotherkindofconsciousness,theprocessthatmaycauseindividualsuffering.Sincetheobjectsfacedbyanytwoindividualsaredifferent,therearedifferencesorconflictsbetweentheconsciousnessesobtainedfromdifferentobjects,andtherecipientsofculturalandeducationalactivitiesarealsorepellenttoacertainextent.Intherealsociety,inordertoweakentherejectionpsychologyoftherecipient,oneistolettheeducationactivitiesbemainlycarriedoutbetweentheeldersandtheyoung.Theelderly(orthosewhoacquireknowledgefirst)generallyoccupythestatusofeducators,whiletheyoung(orthosewhoacquireknowledgelater)lackknowledge,likeawhiteboard,andarethereforeeducated.Thesecondistoinducethemthroughutilitarianmethods.Forexample,inancienttimes,therewasacallforeducationgoalssuchas"learningandexcellence,"andtoday,"knowledgeiswealth",whichenablesthenormaldevelopmentofeducationalactivities.
Regardingthesubstitutionofconsciousness,thewriterSanZhusaid:Weforcechildrentoreplaceimaginationandcreationwithrotememorization,sowehavemanyYiZhongtians,butChenJingrunisfew,andeven10,000YiZhongtianscannotpickChenJingrun.
Culturaleducationchangestheindividual'schoiceorientationbychangingtheindividual'sconsciousnessspace.Humanbeingshaveenlargedtheconsciousnessspaceofindividualsthroughculturaleducation,andthusfoundashortcuttoteachindividualshowtochooseobjects.Humanculturalachievementsareattachedtotheconsciousnessofindividualsthrougheducators,shapingnewindividuals,andprovidingperspectivesandmicroscopesforindividualstopointtothefuture.
(4)Humaneducationissocialandpurposeful,whichisessentiallydifferentfromanimalinstincteducation.Theessenceofhumaneducationisapurposefulsocialactivityofcultivatingpeople.Mainlymanifestedinthefollowingthreepoints.First,educationisasocialphenomenonuniquetohumanbeings.Second,educationistotraintheeducatedconsciously,purposefully,andconsciously.Third,thereisarelationshipbetweentheeducator,theeducated,andtheinfluenceofeducation.
Theabovedefinitionofeducationnotonlyreflectstheessenceofeducation,butalsodistinguisheseducationalactivitiesfromotheractivities,suchaslearning,training,andpublicity,andcanberegardedasthebasicconceptofeducation.However,comparedwiththe"education"thatpeopleoftentalkabout,thescopeofthisdefinitionismuchnarrower.Traditionally,peopleregardlearning,education,training,andfundingtrainingaseducation,whichshowsthatinpeople’sconsciousness,thereisanothermuchlargerconceptofeducation,thatis,themacroscopicconceptofeducation.Itincludesnotonlybasicconceptsofeducation,training,learning,andotheractivitiesthatcandirectlyaffectpeople’squalityandabilities,butalsothoseactivitiesthat,althoughnotdirectlyaffectingpeople’squalityandabilities,cancontributetotheperformanceoftheprevioustypeofactivities.Theactivitiesthathelpandpromotetherolearewhatpeoplecallcultivationactivities.Macro-educationisactuallyequivalenttotraining,sothedefinitionoftrainingisalsothedefinitionofmacro-education.Onthebasisoftheabove-mentionedbasiceducationdefinition,removingthe"speciesdifference"thatcandistinguishlearning,trainingandotheractivitiesbecomesamacroscopiceducation(cultivation)definition:activitiesthatfocusonthequalityandabilityofpeople.
Theonlycharacteristicofmacro-educationis"focusingonthequalityandabilityofpeople",whichshowsthatjudgingwhetheracertainactivityiseducationornotistheresult.Inreality,notalleducationalactivitiescanachievethedesiredresults,andsomemayevenfail.Andsomeactivities,suchasresearchactivitiesandpublicityactivities,althoughtheycanaffectpeople'squalityandability,arenotgenerallyrecognizededucationalactivities.Whenpeoplelookattheirqualitiesandabilitiesfromadifferentstandpoint,theycantreattheirqualitiesandabilitiesfrombothprosandcons,anddevelopandstrengthencertainqualitiesandabilitiesofpeoplepositively,whileweakeningthenegativeones.,Inhibitcertainqualitiesandabilitiesofpeople.Humanqualitiesandabilitiescanbedividedintoinnateandacquired.Innate,likeotheranimals,arecreatedbynature'slong-termevolution.Acquiredisdividedintotwosituations.Oneiswhatpeoplegetinadvertently,orwhatpeopledonotdeliberatelyachieve;theotheriswhatpeoplecreatedeliberately,andthemacroeducationsummarizesalltheactivitiescarriedoutdeliberatelyonthequalitiesandabilitiesofpeople..
Theexistenceofmultipleconceptsinthewordeducationhasalonghistory.Thedescription(definition)ofthewordeducationinthe"ModernКитайскиDictionary"includestwoaspects.First,itexpressesthemacroscopiceducationalconcept-"thewholeprocessofcultivatingthenewgenerationtoprepareforsociallife".However,itusedthewordcultivationwhendescribingtheconceptofeducation,anditalsousedthewordeducationwhendescribingtheconceptofcultivation—"long-termeducationandtrainingaccordingtoacertainpurpose",whichissuspectedofcirculardescription(definition).Second,itexpressesthebasicconceptofeducation-"teaching,enlightenment",butatthesametimeitexpressesteaching-"educationguidance",whichissuspectedofcirculardescription(definition).Inthedefinition,thedefineditemcannotbedirectlyorindirectlyincludedinthedefineditem,otherwiseitwillformaloopdefinitionerror.Inthisregard,thedescriptionofthewordeducationinthe"XinhuaDictionary"doesnothavetheproblemofcirculardefinition.Thedescriptionofthewordeducationinthe"XinhuaDictionary"isalsodividedintotwoaspects.Oneis:"socialactivitieswiththedirectpurposeofinfluencingthephysicalandmentaldevelopmentofpeople".Itisobviousthatwhatisexpressedhereisamacroscopicconceptofeducation.Thesecondis:"tounderstandthetruth."Thisexpressiondistinguisheseducationfromtrainingactivities.Iwanttoexpressthebasicconceptofeducation.However,thisstatementcannotdistinguisheducationfromactivitiessuchaslearning,research,andpropaganda,becausetheseactivitiescanalsomakepeopleunderstandthetruth.Therefore,itisdebatabletoexpressthebasicconceptofeducationinthisway.
Themacroconceptsofeducationdescribedin"XinhuaDictionary"and"ModernКитайскиDictionary"arealsocallededucationinabroadsense.Correspondingly,educationinthenarrowsensegenerallyreferstotheeducationofspecializedorganizations.Schooleducationincludesvarioustrainingactivitiessuchaseducation,training,learning,andfunding.Therefore,schooleducationalsobelongstothecategoryofmacroeducation.Likeeducation,integratingmultipleconceptsinthesamefieldwillinevitablymakeitdifficulttoformaunifieddefinition.Therefore,whenpeopleuseorunderstandthewordeducationindifferentoccasionsandcontexts,theyneedtopayspecialattentiontoitsexactmeaning.
Образователна функция
Образователна функция,whichreferstotheefficacyandfunctionofeducationalactivities,isthequestionof"whatdoeseducationdo?"Thefunctionofeducationcanberoughlydividedinto:individualdevelopmentfunctionandsocialdevelopmentfunction.Therefore,theindividualdevelopmentfunctionofeducationcanbedividedintotwoaspects:theindividualsocializationfunctionofeducationandtheindividualindividualizationfunction.Thefieldsofsocialactivitiesmainlyincludeeconomic,politicalandculturalaspects,sothesocialdevelopmentfunctionofeducationcanbedividedintotheeconomicfunction,politicalfunctionandculturalfunctionofeducation.
Основните функции на образованието са:
(1)Themostimportantfunctionofeducationistopromoteindividualdevelopment,includingindividualsocializationandindividualization.
(2)Themostbasicfunctionofeducationistoaffectthechangesinthesocialtalentsystemandeconomicdevelopment.Theeconomicfunctionsofmodernsociety'semphasisoneducationmainlyinclude:providingagoodbackgroundforthesustainedandstabledevelopmentoftheeconomy;improvingthepotentiallaborcapacityoftheeducated;andformingconcepts,attitudesandbehaviorsthatadapttomoderneconomiclife.
(3)Thesocialfunctionofeducationistotraintalentsforthecountry’sdevelopmentandservethecountry’spoliticalandeconomicdevelopment.
(4)Themostfar-reachingfunctionofeducationistoinfluenceculturaldevelopment.Educationmustnotonlytransmitculture,butalsomeettherequirementsofthecontinuationandrenewalofcultureitself.
Fromthedefinitionofeducation,itcanbeseenthateducatorsplayaleadingroleineducationalactivities,planningandmanagingthedirectionandgoalsofeducationalactivities,andthecontentandmethodsoftransmittinginformation.Thereareseveralfactorsthateducatorsarewillingtoteach,oneofwhichstemsfromtheself-interestofpeople.Humansaresocialanimals.Everyonewantseffectivesupportandhelpfromothers.Iftheabilityofthosewhocansupportandhelpthemselvesisinsufficient,thebenefitswillbelimited.Iftheabilityofpeoplewhocanhelponeselfisimprovedthrougheducation,thebenefitscanbeexpanded.Thesecondisbecauseofhumanaltruism,hopingthatotherscanlivebetterbyreceivingeducation.Thethirdcomesfromhumancompetition.Competitivenesshastwoaspects.Ontheonehand,educationisusedtostrengthenone'sowncompetitiveness,andontheotherhand,educationisusedtoweakentheother'scompetitiveness.Educatorsoftenclaimthattheireducationisjustified,butfactshaveprovedthatthisisnotentirelythecase,suchasthede-sinicizationeducationoftheTaiwanindependenceforcesandtheenslavingeducationofthecolonialpeoplebythecolonialauthorities.
Ineducationalactivities,educatorsdon’tnecessarilyhavetoface-to-facetodeliverinformationtotheeducated.Theycanusevariousmethodsandmedia,andeventhroughothers.Andthisotherpersonisnotnecessarilyaneducator,becausetheeducatortransmitsinformationforthepurposeofchangingotherpeople'sconcepts,qualities,andabilities.Anyonewhoreceivesitsinformationandconveysitsintentionistheobjectofitseducation.
Стойност
Basicnine-yearcompulsoryeducation,thevalueliesinsolvingtheproblemsofmoraleducation,intellectualeducation,physicaleducation,aestheticeducation,laboreducation,scienceeducation,etc.Primitiveenlightenment.Promoteandhelptheeducatedpeoplehavethebasicskillstoacceptandacceptsociallife.
Subsequentsecondaryschools,universities,andothersecondaryandhighereducation,thevalueistosolvetheeducatedpopulationwithbasicscientificresearch,practice,experimentation,experimentation,imitation,innovationandenlightenment.Promoteandhelptheeducatedpeopletopossessandacceptthebasicskillsofscientificinventionandcreation,suchasspecialization,industrialization,standardization,andinformatization.
Thevalueofvocationaleducationandtrainingistoprovideasteadystreamofskilledtalentsforsocialindustrialization,industrialization,andeconomicdevelopment.Encourageandhelptheeducatedpeopletounderstandthejobtechnology,takeupemploymentaftertraining,acceptandapplyforvariousprofessionalpositions,andobtainbasicjobskills.
ThereisaКитайскиsaying:tenyearsoftrees,ahundredyearsoftrees.Itrevealsthefundamentalvalueofeducation,whichistoprovidethecountrywithtalentswithloftybeliefs,noblemorals,honestyandlaw-abiding,exquisiteskills,knowledgeabletalents,andmulti-specialties,soastocreatescientificknowledgeandmaterialwealthforthecountry,forthefamily,andforthesociety,andpromoteEconomicgrowthpromotesnationalprosperityandpromotesworldpeaceandhumandevelopment.
Тип образование
Семейно образование
Семейно образованиеisgenerallyconsideredtobetheeducationcarriedoutbyparents(thefirstofwhichareparents)totheirchildreninfamilylife.Thatis,parentsconsciouslyusetheirownwordsanddeedsandfamilylifepracticestogivetheirchildrenacertaineducationalimpactonsocialactivities.Accordingtomodernconcepts,itincludes:mutualinfluenceandeducationbetweenfamilymembers(includingparentsandchildren,etc.)inlife.ThefamousclinicalpsychologistHaoBinoncesaid:"Семейно образованиеisthefoundationandstartingpointoftheentireeducationoflife."Indeed,familyeducationisthekindofeducationthathasthedeepestimpactonaperson'slife.Itdirectlyorindirectlyaffectstherealizationofaperson'slifegoals.Семейно образованиеisanimportantpartofthetrinityeducationnetworkofsociety,family,andschool,anditisincreasinglyvaluedbyallsectorsofsociety.
Образование в ранна детска възраст
Образование в ранна детска възрастmainlyreferstotheeducationimplementedforchildrenaged3to6yearsold.Образование в ранна детска възрастisthesecondhalfofpreschooleducationorearlyeducation.Thefrontpartisconnectedwiththeeducationofinfantsaged0to3yearsold,andthebackpartisconnectedwithelementaryeducation.Thisisanimportantandspecialstageofaperson'seducationanddevelopment."Important"referstotheperiodwhenaperson’sdevelopmentisthefoundation,andmanyimportantabilitiesandpersonalitytraitsformbasiccharacteristicsduringthisperiod;Andyoucanstartthetransitionalperiodoflearninganddevelopingaccordingtotheneedsofsociety.
Формално образование
Social,grouporprivatecoursestoeducatepeople,usuallyyoungpeople.Формално образованиеisrelativelysystematicandcomplete.Theformaleducationsystemimpartsidealorvaluableknowledge,butsometimesabusesoccur.
Образование за възрастни
Thesignificanceofadulteducationisthesystematicandcontinuouslearningactivitiescarriedoutbypeoplewhobeartheroleofadultsocietyinordertopromotechangesinknowledge,attitudes,valuesandskills.(Darkenwald&Merrian,1982,P.9)Intheearlydays,itwasrecognizedastheonlyactivitytoeradicateilliteracyandteachthepeoplebasicreading,writing,andarithmeticskills,andgraduallyexpandedtomeettheneedsoftechnologicalchangestoimprovepersonalknowledgeandabilities.
Higherself-studyeducation:fortheworkingpopulation,becausetheworkrequiresacademicqualificationsandnotimeforfull-timelearning;self-studyduringworkisaneducationmethodthatpassesthenationalexam.
Openeducation:Centeringonstudentsandlearning,cancelandbreakthroughtherestrictionsandbarrierstolearners.Therearenottoomanyrestrictionsontheage,occupation,region,etc.oftheenrollees.StudentsareMediausehasacertaindegreeofautonomy,andstudentscanalsodecideonlearningmethods,learningprogress,timeandlocationaccordingtotheirneeds;face-to-faceinstruction,multiplemediateachingmaterialsandmoderninformationtechnologymethodsareusedinteaching.
Дистанционно обучение
ThemethodofteachingthroughtheInternetandothermethods.
Lifelongeducationoradulteducationisverypopularinmanycountries."Education"isalsoregardedasamatterforchildren,andadulteducationisoftenbrandedas"adultlearning"or"lifelonglearning".
Списък с категории
·LifeCareEducation
· Филиалност Образование
· Морално възпитание
·Пренатално образование
·Предучилищно образование
· Обучение на деца
· Класическо образование
·Основно образование
·Средно образование
· Висше образование
·Дипломирано образование
· Бакалавърско образование, университетско образование
.Компютърно образование
· Висше професионално образование
· Специализирано образование
· Задължително образование
· Обучение през целия живот
· Професионално образование
· Образование за възрастни
· Отворено образование
· Продължаващо образование
· Образование на кадри
· Дистанционно образование
· Задочно обучение
· Обучение по работа
· Математическо образование
· Езиково образование
· Обучение по четене
· Научно образование
· Информационно образование
· Образование по социални науки
· Художествено образование
·Семейно образование
· Специално образование
· Образование за подаръци
· Поправително образование
·Сексуално образование
·Индивидуално обучение
p>Образователна институция
·Детска ясла
·Детска градина
·Основно училище
·Прогимназия
.Средно Професионално Училище
·Гимназия
·Старше професионално училище
· Технически колеж
·Техническо училище
·Университет
· Колеж
· Изследователски институт
·Клас за напреднали
·Тренировъчен клас
· Cramschool
Възпитателен метод
Ниво
Theenvironmentofeducationcanbedividedinto:politicalenvironment,familyenvironment,schoolenvironment,socialenvironment,andecologicalenvironment.
Thegoalofeducationcanbeunderstoodasstartingfromthepursuitofpersonalsurvivalskills,tothepursuitofnationalinterests,nationalinterests,andthecontinuedscientific,happyandsafehigh-techofmankindtobenefitmankind.Thereisnoend!
Научното образование е триизмерно и е разделено на четири нива: училищно образование, семейно образование, социално образование и самообразование.
Училищно образование: Отнася се до образователното поведение с цел подобряване на IQ (IQ) на учениците.
Семейно образование:referstotheeducationalbehaviorforthepurposeofimprovingtheemotionalquotient(EQ)ofstudents.
Socialeducation:referstotheeducationalbehaviorforthepurposeofimprovingstudents'moralquotient(MQ).
Self-education:Anindividual'seducationalbehaviorforthepurposeofimprovingtheoverallqualityoftheindividual.
Thefourlevelsblend,overlapandcomplementeachother,formingacompleteeducationsystem.
Theteachingmaterialinthenarrowsenseisthetextbook.Textbookisthecoreteachingmaterialofacourse.
Educationreferstothesystematiceducationandtrainingofeducatedpersonsinaccordancewiththeneedsofthesocietyundercertainsocialconditionsinanorganized,purposeful,andplannedmannertodeveloptheirphysicalandintellectualactivities.
Generallyspeaking,educationreferstocampuseducation,withgeneralregionalornationalstandardtextbooks,designatedteachers,dictationintheclassroom,supplementedbyblackboardandhomework,combinedwithtestsandspotchecks.,Mid-termandfinalexams,plusentranceexams,andthenenteracareer.Intheeraofadvancedinformationtechnology,advancededucationwillnolongerusebackward,high-cost,andinefficienteducationalmethodssuchasprivateschoolsandone-on-one!Interaction,happiness,schooldesignation,andstudents'self-selectedcoursesareallrelativelyadvancededucationaltechnologymethods.Asforcaseteaching,itisarelativelysuccessfulmethodinvocationaleducation.Withthehelpofinformatization,thevarioustechnicalandmanagementproblemsthatmaybeencounteredineducationaredescribedmoreaccurately,sothatmoretalentscanlearnandacceptscientificknowledgeandmaterialsfaster,more,andthroughouttheirlivesundertheconditionsofadvancededucationtechnology.wealth.
ритъм
0-3 години продадени: култивирайте вътрешен ред и целта на обучението е ориентирана към "фокуса";
3-9 години: имплантиране на принципа на разума, целта на обучението е базирана на "интерес";
9-12 години: имплант логическо мислене и целите на обучението се основават на "точност";
12-18 години:разширете иувеличете формата,Целта на обучението е базирана на"разбиране";
18-21 години: инжектиране на мотивация за иновация и целите на обучението се основават на "практика";
изпълнение
Teach,dowhatisdonefromthetop,nurture,adoptanddogood.ThemethodtaughtbyXuShenintheEasternHanDynasty's"ShuWenJieZi"istogoupanddown.Forexample,whenparentsteachtheirchildrenfilialpiety,theymustdoitthemselves,andtheirchildrenwillnaturallydoit.Byextension,toteachothers,youmustfirstcultivateyourselffirst,doitfirst,andthenuseyourexampletoinfluencepeople,andevenachievetheeffectofself-teaching.Education,theancestorsbelievedthattheprimarypurposeofteachingandeducatingpeopleistomakechildrenagoodperson,notjusttolearnknowledgeandprofessionalskills.Whatisgood?Whatisthestandardofgoodness?Ifthepersonengagedineducationdoesnotknowthestandardinhismind,theneducationwilldefinitelynotbeperfect;ifheknowsthestandardofgoodness,hecangraspeveryopportunityforeducation.
Има недостатъци
1.Educationalinequality,theoppositionofeliteeducationandmasseducation.
2.Thesharpoppositionbetweentheidealisticeducationofthefamilyandtheschoolandtherealismeducationofthesociety.
3.Educationunderprivateownershiphasfailedtosolvetheproblemofpeople’sbeliefs.
4.Exam-orientededucationandsocialutilitarianismleadtolackofspirituallevel.Studentscan’tgetanypsychologicalcatharsisunderthepressureofexams.Parentshopetobecomefanaticsunderthementalitythatthecollegeentranceexaminationiskingandhopetheirchildrenwillbecomeadragon.Theoutstandingscoresofexam-orientededucationgivestudentsthemoraleducationandpsychologicaleducationtheyshouldhave.,Legaleducationtakesthesecondplace.Educationisfarfrombeingassimpleasexams.
5.Thenatureofparentaldictatorshipoffamilyeducationandtherelateddomesticviolenceissues,educationsciencecannotbedirectlyimplementedinthefamily.
6.Thestrangulationofstudents’personalitybyschooleducationandthedeprivationoftheirfreedom(suchaslove)violateshumannature.Learningcannotbecombinedwithlabor,butratherwithexams.Whileincreasingstudentknowledge,intentionallyorunintentionallyreduceotherelementsnecessaryforcreativity.
7.Thelarge-scalenatureofsocialeducationhascausedmanysocialproblems.Cannotbeeffectivelycombinedwithschoolandfamilyeducation,seamlessconnection.
8.Theindustrializationofeducation(privatization)deprivesteachersthemselvesandseriouslydamagestheequalityofeducation.
9.Teachersfailtofulfilltherealresponsibilityofpreachingandsolvingpuzzlesbykarma,norcantheytrulyteachstudentsinaccordancewiththeiraptitude.
10.Thesocialfunctionofeducationisnotinterrelatedwiththesolutionofothersocialproblems,suchastheagingproblem.
11.Все още трябва да се прилагат качествени образования.
Марксисткообразователен възглед
Sincethe1840s,manyworksofMarxandEngelshaveputforwardthepreliminaryprinciplesofМарксисткообразователен възглед(forexample,"DasKapital"Volume1,Chapter13;"GermanIdeology"Volume1,Part1;"CritiqueoftheGothaProgram"Part4;"BasicPrinciplesofCommunism").Itisonthisbasisthatamoresystematiceducationaltheoryhasbeengraduallyformed.TheOctoberRevolutionanditsneedforthepracticeofMarxisteducationgreatlypromotedthedevelopmentofthistheory(Lenin,Krupskaya,Bronsky,Makarenko).Infact,Marxisteducationtheoryisbasicallyapracticaltheory.SomeimportantfigureswhohavecontributedtothisareBebel,Jaures,Zeitkin,Liebknecht,Gramsci,Langevin,Wallen,andSef.Manyresearchersarecurrentlyworkingonfurtherdevelopingthistheory.
Основните компоненти на теорията са следните:
(1)CompulsoryfreepubliceducationshallbeimplementedforallchildrentoensuretheeliminationofculturalorintellectualmonopolyandtheeliminationofeducationAllkindsofprivileges.Intheoriginalstatement,thiscanonlybeaneducationrunbyvariouspublicinstitutions.Atthattime,itwasmentionedtopreventthepoorlivingconditionsoftheworkingclassfromhinderingtheall-rounddevelopmentofchildren.Later,othergoalswereclearlyputforward,suchastheneedtoweakentheroleofthefamilyinsocialreproduction,thetrainingofchildrenonequalterms,andtheuseofsocializedgrouppower.Undoubtedly,themostsuccessfulrevolutionaryeducationexperiments,fromtheMakarenkoschooltotheCubanschool,wereallcarriedoutinaccordancewithsocialprograms.
(2)Combiningeducationwithmaterialproduction(orinMarx’swords,combiningintellectualeducation,physicaleducation,andproductivelabor).Thegoalincludedhereisneithertoconductbettervocationaltrainingnortoinculcateprofessionalethicsrepeatedly,buttoeliminatethehistoricalformationbetweenmanualandmentalwork,betweenconceptsandpracticesbyensuringthateveryonefullyunderstandstheproductionprocess.difference.Althoughthetheoreticalcorrectnessofthisprincipleiswidelyacknowledgedbypeople,itspracticalapplicationraisesmanyquestions(manyfailedoronlypartiallysuccessfulexperimentsprovethis),whichisintherapidchangeofscienceandtechnology.Thisisespeciallytrueundertheconditions.
(3)Educationmustensuretheall-rounddevelopmentofpeople.Withtherecombinationofscienceandproduction,peoplecanbecomeproducersinthefullsense.Onthisbasis,allpeople,menandwomen,canachievetheirpotential.Inthisway,aworldthatcanmeetuniversalneedswillemerge,enablingindividualstofullydisplaytheirabilitiesinallaspectsofsociallifesuchasconsumption,entertainment,culturalcreationandenjoyment,participationinsociallife,interpersonalcommunication,andself-realization(self-creation).Therealizationofthisgoalrequiresachangeinthesocialdivisionoflabor,whichisanarduoustaskthatisonlyinthepioneeringstagesofar.
(4)Societyhasbeengivenahugenewroleintheeducationprocess.Thischangeintheschool’sinternalgrouprelationship(fromcompetitiontocooperationandsupport)meansthattherelationshipbetweentheschoolandsocietywillbecomemoreopen,anditispremisedonthemutualpromotionandactivecooperationofteachingandlearning.Thetheoryoutlinedabovedoesnotend.Therearestillmanydilemmasintheinterpretationoftheabove-mentionedprinciplesorthepracticebasedontheabove-mentionedprinciples.AmongMarxistsandbetweenMarxistsandnon-Marxists,thefollowingissuesarebeingdebated:theissueofhumanpersonality;theissueof"natureandeducation";schoolandeducationarewithinthescopeofpopularsocialdeterminismThepossibilityofinnovation;andtherelativeimportanceofthecontent,methods,andstructureofeducationinpromotingsocialchange.
Библиография
1.M.W.Appel: „Идеология и училищна програма“, 1979 английско издание.
2.OBebel: "Жени и социализъм" (1879), 1886 английско издание.
3.P.BourdieuandJ.C.Passeron: "The ReproductionofEducation,SocietyandCulture",1979Englishedition.
4.S.BowersandH.Kintis: "Образование в капиталистическа Америка", 1976 английско издание.
5. Zisusa Foji: "Общество във формирането", 1979 английско издание, глава 4.
6. Paul Frere: "Педагогиката на потиснатите", 1970 английско издание.
7.Антонио Грамчи: "Алтернативно образование", 1973 италианско издание.
8. Жан Жорес: "Социализъм и образование", 1899 г. Френско издание.
9. Paul Langevin: "Мисли и действия", френско издание през 1950 г.
10. Фредерик Ленин: "По въпросите на политиката на Министерството на националното образование" (1913), английско издание през 1963 г.
11. Пак там. Автор: "The TaskoftheYouthLeague" (1920), английско издание през 1966 г.
12. Пак там. Автор: "Opinionson Najieshida Konstantinovna's Outline of Comprehensive Technical Education" (1920), 1966 английско издание.
13.Д.Линденберг: "Комунистическо интернационално и класово училище", френско издание през 1972 г.
14.M.A.Manacorda: "Маркс и модерна педагогика", 1966 италианско издание.
КитайскиLaw
InApril1986,Китайpromulgatedthe"CompulsoryEducationLawofthePeople'sRepublicofКитай."ThisisthefirsttimethatКитайhasfixedfreeandcompulsoryeducationintheformoflaw,whichmeansthat"childrenandteenagers"ofschoolagemustreceive9yearsofcompulsoryeducation.TheformulationoftheCompulsoryEducationLawmarkedanewstageinthedevelopmentofКитай'sbasiceducation.Althoughthereareonly18articles,"thestateimplementsnine-yearcompulsoryeducation"hassincebecomealegalobligation.
Thelatest"LawofthePeople’sRepublicofКитайonCompulsoryEducation"hasbeenrevisedandadoptedatthe22ndmeetingoftheStandingCommitteeoftheTenthNationalPeople’sCongressofthePeople’sRepublicofКитайonJune29,2006.Since2006ItwillcomeintoeffectonSeptember1.Aftertwoyearsoftransition,Китайhasimplementedaveritablecompulsoryeducationnationwideinthefallof2008.
Compulsoryeducationisanationaleducationthatmustbeacceptedbyschool-agechildrenandadolescentsandmustbeguaranteedbythestate,society,andfamiliesinaccordancewiththelaw.Itsessenceisasystemofcompulsoryeducationforschool-agechildrenandadolescentsimplementedbythestateforacertainnumberofyearsinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthelaw.Compulsoryeducationisalsocalledcompulsoryeducationandfreecompulsoryeducation.Compulsoryeducationhasthecharacteristicsofcompulsory,freeanduniversal.
Китай'sCompulsoryEducationLawstipulatesthattheperiodofcompulsoryeducationisnineyears.ThisregulationisinlinewithКитай'snationalconditionsandisappropriate.TheactualsituationofКитай’scompulsoryeducationsystemmainlyincludesthe"six-threesystem"(thatis,thesix-yearsystemforprimaryschoolandthethree-yearsystemformiddleschool),the"five-foursystem"(thatis,thefive-yearsystemforprimaryschoolandthefour-yearsystemformiddleschool)andthe"nine-yearsystem".Consistentsystem"threeeducationalsystems.Amongthem,afewareasimplementeight-yearcompulsoryeducation,thatis,five-yearprimaryschoolandthree-yearhighschool.However,theseareasarealsorushingtorealizethetransitionfromtheeight-yearsystemtothenine-yearsystem.FromtheperspectiveofКитай'seducationalsystem,nine-yearoreight-yearcompulsoryeducationincludestwostages:elementarycompulsoryeducationandelementarysecondarycompulsoryeducation.School-agechildrenandadolescentswhocompletenineoreightyearsofcompulsoryeducationincompulsoryeducationschoolsaccordingtoregulationscanreachtheeducationallevelofjuniorhighschoolgraduation.
Предназначение
Thepurposeofeducationisproposedandformulatedbypeople,anditreflectspeople'ssubjectivewill.Becausepeopleholddifferentvaluesforeducation,differentopinionsareformedonissuessuchasthebasisforformulatingeducationalgoals.Fromthelevelofgeneraleducationtheory,thecoregoalofeducationistostimulatestudents'inherentpotential,sothatallaspectsofitcanbefullydeveloped.
Публични инвестиции
TheEleventhFive-YearNationalEconomicandSocialразвитиеofthePeople’sRepublicofКитайapprovedbytheFourthSessionoftheTenthNationalPeople’sCongressThe"OutlineofthePlan"stipulates:"Ensurethatthegrowthrateoffiscaleducationexpenditureissignificantlyhigherthanthatofregularfiscalrevenue,andgraduallyincreasetheproportionoffiscaleducationexpendituretoGDPto4%."Thismeansthat"4%"Therealizationofthegoalwaspostponedfrom2000to2010.The"OutlineoftheNationalMediumandLong-termEducationReformandразвитиеPlan"formulatedin2010pushedthisgoalto2012.
From1993to2012,thefigureof4%waslikeasensitivenerve,affectingallaspectsofareformingcountry.Whenthe4%targetwasproposedin2000,aUNeducationofficialoncesaidthatКитай’semphasisoneducationis“notasgoodasthatofimpoverishedUganda.”Forthis,LiLanqing,theformerVicePremieroftheStateCouncil,waspointedoutinpersonthat"thegovernmentisnothingtosay."
ThegovernmentworkreportattheFifthSessionoftheEleventhNationalPeople’sCongressinMarch2012statedthatthecentralgovernmenthaspreparedbudgetsbasedonthenationalfiscalexpendituresforeducationaccountingfor4%ofGDP,andlocalfinancesAlsoarrangeaccordinglytoensurethatthisgoalisachieved.
развитие
Providechildrenwitheducationinanatmosphereofprogress,integration,perseverance,friendship,andgratitude,aimingtocreateahealthyandindependentcharacterfortheonlychildinКитай,andcultivatechildren'sexcellentLearningandlivinghabits,helpingthembuildacorrectoutlookonlife,valuesandasoundpersonalityastheirownresponsibility.
Професионално обучение
Everythingshouldfollowitsobjectivelaws.Violationofthelawswillbepunishedbythelaws,especiallyineducation.Comparedwithbasiceducation,vocationaleducationhasitsowncharacteristics.Tosumup,theessenceofvocationaleducationshouldincludeatleastfouraspects:oneispeople-oriented,theotheristeachingstudentsinaccordancewiththeiraptitude,thethirdisscientificmanagement,andthefourthisculturalshaping.
People-oriented,oneistofullymobilizetheenthusiasmofallfacultyandstaff,toformastrongatmosphereoftakingtheschoolashome,teachingforpleasure,andhonoringtheteacher;Establishthestudent'sdominantpositionandgivefullplaytothestudent'sdominantrole.Forexample,someschoolsallowstudentstoserveasheadteachersandassistantprincipals.Activelyandscientificallyanddemocraticallyparticipateinthemanagementofschoolaffairsisaveryinnovativeattempt.Itcannotonlycultivatestudents'senseofmasteryandparticipation,butalsoimprovetheirworkabilityandability.Managementlevel,whichinitselfisoneoftheimportantcontentsofvocationaleducation.
Teachingstudentsinaccordancewiththeiraptitudeistofocusonthespecificsituationofthestudents,donotcopyorbedogmatic,andtakecoursesthatthestudentsunderstand,learn,areinterested,andcanuseaftergoingout.Pickedpeaches".Longitudinalcomparisonsarealwaysprogressing,andthereisnoneedtocompromiseforperfection;horizontalcomparisonshavetheirownstrengthsandjudgmentsareeclectic.Simplyput,studentsarenotproductsontheassemblyline,andcannotbeproducedinabrasives.
Preaching,teaching,solvingpuzzles,andshapingthesoulofpeoplearethefundamentaldutiesoftheschool.Therefore,asfaraseducationisconcerned,scientificmanagement,"management",isthesimplest,andcompulsoryisenough,andmilitarizationisatypicalexample."Reason"isthemostdifficultandrequiresthewisdomofmanagers.Infact,thecoreof"management"doesnotcareabout"management"but"reasoning",clarifyingdirections,clarifyingideas,rationalizingmethodsandsteps,andarrangingascientificpathforstudentstogrowanddevelopinthefuture.Fromaphilosophicalpointofview,thisItisamatterofworldviewandmethodology.
Писане на хартия, създаване на правила за всеки, това е системата; без писане на хартия, без създаване на правила, всеки знае как да го направи, това е образование.
Списък на законите
TheEducationLawofthePeople’sRepublicofКитай
TheCompulsoryEducationLawofthePeople’sRepublicofКитай
TheVocationalEducationLawofthePeople’sRepublicofКитай
LawofthePeople'sRepublicofКитайonthePromotionofPrivateEducation
Съответни образователни закони
TheLawofthePeople'sRepublicofКитайontheProtectionofMinors
ThePeople'sRepublicofКитайonPreventionofMinorsCriminalLaw
TheNationalCommonLanguageLawofthePeople’sRepublicofКитай
Административна уредба на образованието
InterimRegulationsonWork-studyProgramsinPrimaryandSecondarySchoolsacrosstheCountry
StateCouncilProvisionalRegulationsonLevyingAdditionalEducationFees
Забрана за използване на детски труд
Наредба за наградите за педагогически постижения
Правила за обучение на хора с увреждания
Наредби за квалификацията на учителите
Местни образователни разпоредби
HebeiProvince’sRegulationsontheApplicationofКитайскиLanguageandCharacters
HebeiProvince’sMeasuresfortheImplementationofthe"CompulsoryEducationLawofthePeople’sRepublicofКитай"
HebeiProvince’sImplementationofthe"КитайскиMeasuresoftheTeachersLawofthePeople’sRepublicofКитай
MeasuresofHebeiProvincetoimplementthe“VocationalEducationLawofthePeople’sRepublicofКитай”
MeasuresofHebeiProvincetoimplementthe“LawofthePeople’sRepublicofКитайontheProtectionofMinors”
HebeiProvinceon-the-jobemployeeeducationregulations
HebeiProvinceCompulsoryEducationFundingandUseManagementRegulations
EducationAdministrativeRegulationsandOtherNormativeDocuments
Правилник за работа в детската градина
Правилник за управление на началното училище
Временен правилник за специалните образователни училища
InterimRegulationsforMigrantChildrenandAdolescentstoSchool
Правилник за библиотеката (стаята) на основното и началното училище
Regulationsonlaboratoryworkinprimaryandsecondaryschools
Regulationsonthepublicationanddistributionofgeneralprimaryandsecondaryschooltextbooks
Regulationsonthepublicationanddistributionofaudiovisualtextbooksingeneralprimaryandsecondaryschools
>RegulationsofAudio-visualEducationinElementaryandSecondarySchools
InterimRegulationsontheWorkofHeadTeachersinMiddleSchools
InterimRegulationsonCampusEnvironmentalManagementofPrimaryandSecondarySchools
InterimMeasuresfortheManagementofChargesinGeneralSeniorMiddleSchools
Финансова система на основното и средното училище
Временни разпоредби за възпитателен надзор
ExemplaryHighSchoolAssessmentandAcceptanceStandards
ProvisionsonContinuingEducationforPrimaryandSecondarySchoolTeachers
ProvisionsontheTrainingofPrimaryandSecondarySchoolPrincipals
TrialRegulationsonthePositionsofPrimaryandSecondarySchoolTeachers
TrialRegulationsonthePositionsofSecondarySchoolTeachers
Образователни специалности
Обща дидактика
Педагогика
.Образователни иновации
.EducationalСтойност
· Образователна философия
· Образователна основна теория
· Образователно право
· Образователен мениджмънт
·Информационни технологии Образование
· Образователни технологии, Образователно инженерство
· Образователни технологии
·Икономика на образованието
· Образователна психология
· Образователна социология
· Образователна футурология
· Училищна хигиена
·СравнениеОбразование
· Образователна статистика
·Образователна комуникация
· Образователни ползи
·Технология на преподаване
·Предучилищно образование
· Образователна оценка
Изпит за професионална квалификация
TheteacherqualificationexaminationisanofficialqualificationforteacherssetbytheExaminationCenteroftheMinistryofEducationtakeanexam.
DifferencesbetweenКитайandtheWest
западенeducationismostlybasedonhumanisticideasandcultivatespeople'spracticalandanalyticalskillsfromanearlyage.Encouragefreedomofthoughtandberesponsibleforyourownwordsandactions.Theroleofteachersismainlytoguidethem.Theyareoftenlikefriendstodiscussproblemswithstudents.Forstudents’questions,theyoftenrefertothelibrarytoletstudentsfindmaterialsandmaketheirownjudgments,andtrynottoinfluencethemasmuchaspossible.Students'independentthinking.ThehomeworkthatelementaryschoolstudentsinЕвропаanandAmericancountriesoftendoisanexperimentreport.Whatdidyoustudy,howyoudidit,whatyouobserved,whatresultsandconclusionsyouhave,andwhatliteratureyoureferto.Theresearchobjectsandproblemsareverysmall,oftenjusttherollingofapencil,thedissolutionofsugarandsalt,andsoon.(Theimportantthingisnotthebigandthesmall,buttheway!).Itprotectstherootofhumancreativitytothegreatestpossibleextent-thefreedomandautonomyofthought.(Ithinkthatthereasonwhyhumanbeingsdominateinthisworldisbecauseofhumancreativity!Humanscreatetoolsandusethem.Amongtheknowncreatures,onlyhumansandchimpanzeeshavethebehaviorofcreatingtools)ThisiswhymoderntimesandThemainreasonwhymostmoderninventionsanddiscoveriesappearedintheWest.Similarly,italsohasshortcomingsandlimitations.Itfocusesonanalysisandlacksthecultivationofcomprehensivethinkingskills.Analysisislikearay.Oncethedirectionisdetermined,itwillgoonstepbystep,withlittlereflectiononthestartingpoint;it"lovesthenewanddislikestheold",attachesimportancetoindividualinnovation,andoftenignorestheaccumulationofexistingknowledgebytheindividual.TheU.S.SecretaryofEducationalsosaid:"Ourcountry’seducationisacompletefailure.Weteachpeopletobecomemeatmachines."Thisisbecauseзападенeducationlackstheabilitytocultivatecomprehensivethinkingandlateralthinking(lateralthinking-peopleThefundamentaldifferencewiththecomputer,forexample:Therearetenyuanoroneyuan,whichoneshouldyoutake?Onethattakestenyuanoroneyuanisverticalthinking;theonethattakesbothornoneishorizontalthinking).
ThemainbodyofКитайскиeducationhasalwaysbeenexpressedthroughConfucianism.BecauseConfucianismhastheideaof"loyaltyandfilialpiety,"thoseinpowerdelegateeducationworktoConfucianisminordertofacilitatetherule.ItisanothermatterwhetherthestateadministrationalsousesConfucianismasthestandard.(TheHan,Tang,andTangDynastiesall"useHuangLaointernallyandrespectConfucianismexternally";SongDynastyrespectsliterati,butdoesnotregardConfucianismastheonlyprincipleofconduct,otherwisethoseministerswhooftenjokeaboutemperorsshouldhavebeen"cracked"accordingtoConfucianism.TheYuanDynastywasaforeigninvasion,bloodandtearswerestained;theMingDynastyfollowedtheCheng-ZhuNeo-Confucianism,whichisonlyabranchofConfucianism;IwillnotdiscussthemostunknownandhatefulManchuhere,soasnottospoilthegoodmood.)ThiskindofeducationfocusesItiscomprehensive,paysattentiontotheinternal,andcontinuouslyaccumulatestheknownknowledge,sothereis"tolearnthenewbyreviewingtheold"andbeinggoodatthinkinginmultipledirections."Kungfuisoutsidethepoetry"iswhatitmeans.Itsshortcomingisthatithasacertainrestrictiononthefreedomofthought,whichmakespeoplelackcreativityand,beingorganized,notsystematic,andnotpreciseenough.Studentstendtobefar-sighted,withgoodeyesandlowhands.Theythinktheyhaveunderstoodthegeneraloutlineofthings,andothersarealsoThat'sit,Irefusetostudyandanalyzethedetailsofthingsdown-to-earth.ThisisalsooneofthereasonswhytherewerenomajorinventionsanddiscoveriesaftertheSongDynasty.
ModernКитай’seducationhaswithstoodtheimpactofзападенeducationmethods,andtherehasbeenasituationofcoexistenceofopposites.Inotherwords,thisisastrongcollisionofКитайскиandзападенideas,andthedifferenceineducationmethodsisonlyamanifestationofthedifferences.Therefore,thereis"usebarbarianstocontrolbarbarians"and"usedoctrine".Upholdingoneselfisalsoaway.InTaiwanandinSoutheastAsia,thereareverysuccessfulexamplesofusingКитайскиtraditionaleducation.Theyhavealwaysadheredtomoraleducationandhavealsocultivatedmanyoutstandingtalents.(Educationthatcultivatesmostoutstandingcitizensisasuccessfuleducation,notafewcelebritiesorscientists.Whetheracountryisstrongornotdependsonthequalityofthemajorityofitscitizens.)ButКитай’scurrenteducationsystemisstillveryproblematic.Especiallyattheuniversitystage,thenatureofqualityeducationisstillnotwellreflected,andstudentsaremoreofaformofexamination.
Финансови инвестиции
In2021,thecentralgovernmentwillallocate177billionyuaninurbanandruralcompulsoryeducationsubsidies,anincreaseof4.3%;supportfundsforpreschooleducationdevelopmentwillallocate19.8billionyuan,anincreaseof5.3%;HyundaiThevocationaleducationqualityimprovementplanwasallocated27.7billionyuan,anincreaseof7.7%;studentsubsidieswereallocated66billionyuan,anincreaseof16.3%.
Статистика
Accordingtotheresultsoftheseventhnationalcensus,asof0:00onNovember1,2020,amongthenationalpopulation,thosewithacollegeeducationlevel(referringtocollegeandabove)Thepopulationis218,360,767;thepopulationwithhighschool(includingtechnicalsecondaryschool)educationis213,005,258;thepopulationwithjuniorhighschooleducationis487,163,489;thepopulationwithelementaryschooleducationis349,658,828(peoplewithvariouseducationlevelsaboveincludeallGraduates,undergraduatesandcurrentstudentsfromsimilarschools).Comparedwiththesixthnationalcensusin2010,theaveragenumberofyearsofeducationofthepopulationaged15andabovehasincreasedfrom9.08yearsto9.91years.Amongthenationalpopulation,theilliteratepopulation(peopleaged15andoverwhocannotread)is37,750,200.Comparedwiththesixthnationalcensusin2010,theilliteratepopulationhasdecreasedby16,906,373,andtheilliteracyrateis[4]From4.08%to2.67%,adropof1.41percentagepoints.
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