Meaning
Themodernviewofknowledgedividesknowledgeintodeclarativeknowledgeandproceduralknowledgeaccordingtothedifferentformsofreflectionactivities.Declarativeknowledgeisalsocalleddescriptiveknowledge,whichisknowledgethatanindividualcandirectlystatewithlanguage.Thistypeofknowledgeismainlyusedtoanswerquestionsabout"what"and"how"thingsare,andcanbeusedtodistinguishanddistinguishthings.Thiskindofknowledgeismoreconsistentwiththeconceptualconnotationofknowledgethatpeopleusedaily,andisalsocallednarrowknowledge.
Тип
1,Име или маркер. Напримердуми на чужд език.
2,факти.
3.Организирана дискусия.
Representation
Psychologistsgenerallybelievethatdeclarativeknowledgeismainlycharacterizedandfunctionedbypropositions,schematicrepresentations,representationsandlinearsequences.
Proposition
Incognitivepsychology,apropositionreferstothesmallestunitofmeaningexpressedbywords.Apropositioniscomposedofarelationshipandasetofpropositions.Relationsaregenerallyexpressedbyverbs,adverbsandadjectives,andsometimesalsoexpressedbyotherrelatedwordssuchasprepositions;thesisgenerallyreferstoconcepts,andisgenerallyexpressedbynounsandpronouns.Thecommonwaytoexpressapropositionistouseacircle(orellipse)toexpressaproposition,andusearrowstoconnectthepropositionandrelationshipoftheproposition.Forexample,thereisapropositioninthesentence"XiaoMingbuysbooks",thethesisis"XiaoMing"and"book",andtherelationshipis"buy".TheabovemethodisshowninFigure1:
Inthecognitivestructureofthebrain,thepropositionalrepresentationofdeclarativeknowledgeisnotequaltothesentenceinourdailymeaning.Asentencelike"I'mgoingtoBeijingtotravel"containstwomeanings:I'mgoingtoBeijingtotravelwithme.Thesetwomeaningsareeachrepresentedbyapropositioninthecognitivestructure,sothissentencecontainstwopropositions.Wecanunderstandtherelationshipbetweensentencesandpropositionsinthisway:propositionsareexpressedinsentences,butpropositionsarenotequaltosentences.Thepropositiononlyinvolvesthemeaningexpressedinthesentence.Whatpeoplekeepinlong-termmemoryisnotthesentenceitself,butthemeaningofthesentence.
Мрежа от предложения, ако две предложения имат общ компонент, няколко предложения могат да бъдат свързани помежду си, за да образуват мрежа от предложения чрез този общ компонент. Този общ компонент обикновено е тезата в предложението. Например, „тигърът в зообитенякои невинни хора“, такова изречение съдържа три предложения, а именно: (l) тигърът е в зоопарка и (3) са (2) петтепета ;темите му са "тигър", "зоопарк", "хора", и "невинен"; връзката е "е" и "ухапване". Чрез двете теми за "тигър" и "човек", такова изречение съставлява пропозиционална мрежа. Изразът е:
Schematic
JRAndersonbelieves:"Fortherepresentationofsmallmeaningunits,propositionsaresuitable,butfortherepresentationoflargermeaningsrelatedtosomespecialconceptsOrganizationalinformationcombination,propositionisnotsuitable."Comparedwiththepropositionnetwork,schemahasthefollowingcharacteristics:1)Schemaisnotasimpleextensionofproposition,itisapropositionorperceptionofsimilarthingsCommoncodingmethod.Itisgeneralandabstract,ratherthanconcreteorspecial.
2)Inadditiontothepropositionalrepresentationofaclassofthings,theschemaalsoincludestheperceptualinformationcharacteristicsofthisclassofthings,suchastheshapeofa"bird",whichismainlyaperceptualimagerepresentation.
3)Има две характеристики на атрибути (променливи) и стойностив схемата. Например в схемата „къща“ нейните атрибути са материали, функционални размери, форми и т.н.; докато материалът е тухла или дърво, е стойността на този атрибут.
4) Относителността на схемата. В сравнение с друга схема, като схемата може да бъде горната или по-ниската концепция. Например „къща“ е подчинена концепция на „сграда“, но също така е и превъзходна колекция от „стаи“ или „стени“.
Moderncognitivepsychologydistinguishestwotypesofschemas.Oneistheschemaabouttheobject,andtheotheristheschemaabouttheeventordoingthings.Theformerislikepeople'sschemasabouthouses,animals,antiques,etc.;thelatterislikegoingtorestaurants,goingtothehospital,orgoingtothecinematowatchmovies.Thelattertypeofschemaisalsocalledscript.Theschemaoftheevent,liketheschemaoftheobject,alsohasahierarchicalorganizationofupperandlowerlevels.Ifwatchingamovieisalowerexampleofentertainmentactivities,ticketpurchasecanalsobecalledasub-patternofwatchingamovie.
Declarativeknowledgeismainlyrepresentedintwoforms:propositionandschema.Theformerisusedtocharacterizesmallmeaningunits;thelatterisusedtocharacterizelargerorganizedinformationcombinations.
Representationform
Whenweimagineacertainthingorsituationthatisnotinfrontofoureyes,weoftenexperiencetheirappearance.Thiskindofrepresentationbasedonthingsisnotlikepropositionsthatretaintheperceptualcharacteristicsofthings.Itisgenerallybelievedthattherearetwoformsofrepresentationbasedonperception:representationandlinearsequence.
Characteristicsofrepresentation:1.Representationcancharacterizeconstantlychanginginformation.Sincetheimaginarystructurehassimilarstructuralfeaturestotheobjectitrepresents,therepresentationcanrepresenttheobjectivespatialfeaturesmorerealistically.2.Representationscanwithstandvariouspsychologicaloperationsimposedonthem.Peoplecanrotate,scan,ororganizeanddividetheappearanceintheirminds.Peoplecannotchangethestructureofsymbolsatwill,buttheycanconstantlychangethestructureofanalogsintheirimagination.3.Althoughrepresentationscanrepresentconstantlychanginginformation,comparedwithactualperception,thisformofrepresentationmaybemorevague,moregeneral,orlesscompleteandlessprecisethanactualperceptionwithoutspecialneeds.4.Thepsychologicalrepresentationofcomplexfiguresformedbyhumansisahierarchicalstructure,andtheexistenceofthisstructurewillalsocauseacertainsystematicdistortionofhumanpsychologicalrepresentations.
Linearsequenceisthecodingofaseriesofelementsinlinearorder,suchasMonday,Tuesday,Wednesday,etc.,arrangedinacertainorderinthemindofeachother.Thedifferencebetweenlinearsequenceandpropositionisthatthepropositiononlyretainsthebasicsemanticrelationshipbetweenthetopicsmentionedintheproposition,buttheorderoftheelementsisnotnecessary;thedifferencebetweenlinearorderandrepresentationisthatrepresentationretainstheintervalrelationshipbetweenperceptualfeatures,Thatis,therelativedistancebetweeneachfeature,linearsortingarrangestheorderofagroupofelementsfrombeginningtoend,butdoesnotinvolvethedistancebetweeneachelement.
Theconnectionbetweenthetwo
Theacquisitionofdeclarativeknowledgeisoftenthebasisoflearningproceduralknowledge,andtheacquisitionofproceduralknowledgeprovidesareliableguaranteeforacquiringnewdeclarativeknowledge(suchasWhenlearningaforeignlanguage,thelearningofvocabularyandgrammaticalrulesistomasterdeclarativeknowledge.Whenweunderstandanduseforeignlanguagesasfluentlyasournationallanguagethroughalotofrepeatedpractice,declarativeknowledgeaboutforeignlanguagesistransformedintoproceduralknowledge.了);theacquisitionofdeclarativeknowledgeandtheacquisitionofproceduralknowledgearetwoconsecutivestagesinthelearningprocess(forexample,"thefirsttosolveequationsistoknowtheruleofbalanceonbothsidesoftheequation".Theonethatcantellthisruleisdeclarativeknowledge,Andtheskilloftheoperationprocessisproceduralknowledge).
Сравнително разграничение
Разликата междуДекларативно знаниеиПроцедурно знание:
DeclarativeknowledgeThemaindifferencesbetweenproceduralknowledgeandproceduralknowledgeareasfollows:
1.Декларативно знание е знание за "какво", което се характеризира с предложения и тяхната мрежа от предложения; процедурното знание е "как да се направи" Знанието е представено чрез производство.
2.Declarativeknowledgeisakindofstaticknowledge,anditsactivationisthereproductionofinputinformation;whileproceduralknowledgeisakindofdynamicknowledge,anditsactivationisthedeformationandoperationofinformation.
3.Theactivationofdeclarativeknowledgeisrelativelyslow,whichisanintentionalprocessthatrequireslearnerstorecognizeorreproducetherelevantfacts;whiletheactivationofproceduralknowledgeisveryfast,whichisakindofautomationTheinformationdistortedactivities.
Inmanyactivities,thetwotypesofknowledgearecombined.Inthelearningprocess,theyareinitiallyacquiredintheformofdeclarativeknowledge.Onlyafteralotofpractice,theproceduralknowledgeisautomatedspecialty.Theproceduralknowledgemasteredbythelearnerwillalsopromotethelearningofnewdeclarativeknowledge.Generallyspeaking,theproceduralknowledgeismainlyusedinactivitiesunderfamiliarconditions.